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Routine flaring

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Routine flaring, also known as production flaring, is a method and current practice of disposing of large unwanted amounts of <a href="Associated_petroleum_gas" title="Associated petroleum gas">associated petroleum gas</a> (APG) during <a href="Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">crude oil extraction</a>. The gas is first separated from the liquids and solids downstream of the <a href="Wellhead" title="Wellhead">wellhead</a>, then released into a <a href="Flare_stack" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare stack">flare stack</a> and <a href="Combustion" title="Combustion">combusted</a> into Earth's atmosphere (usually in an open <a href="Diffusion_flame" title="Diffusion flame">diffusion flame</a>). Where performed, the unwanted gas (mostly <a href="Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> dominated by <a href="Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>) has been deemed unprofitable, and may be referred to as <a href="Stranded_gas" title="Stranded gas">stranded gas</a>, flare gas, or simply as "<a href="Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> gas". Routine flaring is not to be confused with safety flaring, maintenance flaring, or other flaring practices characterized by shorter durations or smaller volumes of gas disposal.<a href="#cite_note-DOE-GFV-2019-1">[1]</a>: 1 <a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

Over 145 billion cubic metres (5 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas is estimated to have been flared worldwide during year 2018.<a href="#cite_note-wb2019pr-3">[3]</a> The majority of this was routinely flared APG at thousands of well sites, and is a waste amount equal to the natural gas usage of South and Central America. The largest seven practitioners since 2014 are <a href="Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Iran</a>, the <a href="Petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in the United States">United States</a>, <a href="Mining_industry_of_Algeria" title="Mining industry of Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="Oil_reserves_in_Venezuela" title="Oil reserves in Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and <a href="Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Petroleum industry in Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-top30-4">[4]</a> Activity in remote regions of Russia is greatest, with political conflict elevating the levels in other countries. The U.S. contributed nearly 10% of the 2018 world total.<a href="#cite_note-eiaflvdata-5">[5]</a>

Routine flaring, along with intentional <a href="Gas_venting" title="Gas venting">gas venting</a> and unintentional <a href="Fugitive_gas_emissions" title="Fugitive gas emissions">fugitive gas emissions</a>, have profound negative consequences. The wasting of a <a href="Primary_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary resource">primary resource</a> provides no present economic or future <a href="Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> benefits, while creating liabilities through the build up of <a href="Greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gases">greenhouse gases</a> and other harmful <a href="Pollutants" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollutants">pollutants</a> in the <a href="Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GGFRP-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-resil-7">[7]</a> With most forecasts showing oil and gas use increasing into the foreseeable future, the <a href="World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> in 2002 launched the international Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFRP); a public-private partnership with the aim of retiring the wasteful practice.<a href="#cite_note-unsds-8">[8]</a> In 2015, it further launched the Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 Initiative; endorsed by 32 countries, 37 companies, and 15 banking institutions by the end of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-uncip-9">[9]</a> Endorsers based in the U.S. were the U.S. Federal Government, the State of California, and the World Bank. Global data spanning 1996-2018 indicate that flared gas volumes fell 10%, while oil production rose 40%.<a href="#cite_note-wbdata-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div>

The routine flaring and venting of APG has been practised since the <a href="First_Oil_Well_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="First Oil Well (disambiguation)">first oil wells</a> were <a href="Commercialization" title="Commercialization">commercialized</a> in the late 1850s. Although liquid and gas <a href="Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">hydrocarbons</a> have similar <a href="Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy densities</a> by mass, the factor of 1000 greater energy content by volume of liquid fuels makes storage and transport more economical.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Widespread means for overcoming this relative disadvantage of petroleum gas have only been realized within the last several decades. For example, transcontinental gas <a href="Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipelines</a>, linked with regional collection and distribution <a href="Transport_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport network">networks</a>, now spread throughout much of the world.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Flare Gas Recovery Systems (FGRS) for processing APG into liquid or compressed fuels at the wellpad have also become increasingly mobile and varied in their capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-DOE-GFV-2019-1">[1]</a>: 50

The decision processes leading to wasting of APG in modern times depend greatly upon regional circumstances. Generally, the near-term <a href="Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">financial</a> and <a href="Risk_management" title="Risk management">risk management</a> objectives of decision makers will determine the outcome. Some form of <a href="Licensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensing">permitting</a> or other <a href="Regulation" title="Regulation">regulation</a> of flaring and venting activity exists in most <a href="Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a>, but details vary widely.<a href="#cite_note-DOE-GFV-2019-1">[1]</a>: 20 <a href="#cite_note-GGFR-REG-2004-13">[13]</a>: 7 Factors that can increase wasting activity include (not an exhaustive list):

<ul><li>rapidly expanding oil extraction into regions farther remote from the existing gas <a href="Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipeline</a> infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-DOE-GFV-2019-1">[1]</a>: 49 </li>

<li>acceleration of extraction schedules driven by concerns of <a href="Impaired_asset" title="Impaired asset">asset impairment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li>

<li>increased challenges in <a href="Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a>, such as delays in expansions of transport capacity.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li>

<li><a href="Oversupply" class="mw-redirect" title="Oversupply">oversupply</a> of natural gas leading to low or negative producer prices.<a href="#cite_note-negp-16">[16]</a></li>

<li><a href="Competition" title="Competition">competition</a> from lower cost and lesser <a href="Contamination" title="Contamination">contaminated</a> sources of natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-eiange-17">[17]</a></li>

<li>more transitory (both temporal and geographical) nature of some oil extraction operations (e.g. <a href="Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight shale oil</a>).<a href="#cite_note-resil-7">[7]</a></li>

<li>lack of on-site alternatives with sufficient <a href="Agile_manufacturing" title="Agile manufacturing">agility</a> for integration with differing operations and schedules.<a href="#cite_note-DOE-GFV-2019-1">[1]</a>: 55 </li>

<li>weak regulation, as caused by <a href="Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>, <a href="Political_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Political conflict">political conflict</a> or <a href="Political_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Political instability">political instability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wb2019pr-3">[3]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Year_2018_statistics">Year 2018 statistics</h2></div>

In 2018, 100 million tonnes (145 billion cubic metres) of associated gas was flared throughout the world, representing about 3-4% of all gas produced from both oil and gas wells.<a href="#cite_note-zrfqa-18">[18]</a> The waste yielded nearly 350 million tons of <a href="CO2_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2 equivalent">CO2 equivalent</a> emissions of greenhouse gases, or about 1% of the 33 billion tons of <a href="Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO2) released from all burning of all fossil fuels.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The buildup of these gases is substantially disrupting the planetary <a href="Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>, and broader international efforts are ongoing to assess the extent of the damage and quantify the accumulating economic costs.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

The costs to eliminate flaring are better understood and vary widely between instances. The World Bank estimates the total mitigation cost at US$100 billion.<a href="#cite_note-zrfqa-18">[18]</a> If brought to the natural gas market in a developed economy such as that in the United States, the flared gas could supply about 17% of the 30 trillion cubic feet of U.S. consumption,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and potentially be valued at nearly US$20 billion.<a href="#cite_note-zrfqa-18">[18]</a> In less developed nations, the benefits could have a further effect. For example, it could supply all current usage throughout South and Central America. If used to generate 750 billion kWh of electricity, it could supply the entire needs of the African continent.<a href="#cite_note-zrfqa-18">[18]</a>

While flaring is wasteful and produces harmful byproducts like other burning of fossil fuels, it is less disruptive in the near term than venting the associated gas which consists primarily of methane. The buildup of <a href="Atmospheric_methane" title="Atmospheric methane">atmospheric methane</a> is responsible for about 25% of the changes in <a href="Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">climate forcing</a>, despite its nearly 100x lower abundance compared to CO2.<a href="#cite_note-edf-22">[22]</a> According to the <a href="International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>, at least<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> 75 million tons of methane was released by the oil and gas industry through venting and fugitive emissions, and an estimated 4 million tons was released through flaring inefficiencies.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The use of fossil fuels by humans is responsible for about 20% of all <a href="Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and those from the oil and gas industry are responsible for about 25% of all anthropogenic sources.<a href="#cite_note-edf-22">[22]</a> These sources are also in need of more extensive tracking and mitigation efforts since natural gas is projected to continue to be the most rapidly growing supply of global primary energy.<a href="#cite_note-ieach4-27">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2></div>

Similar to crude oil, APG is a <a href="Primary_energy_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary energy source">primary energy source</a> of both <a href="Gaseous_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaseous fuel">gaseous fuel</a> and <a href="Liquid_fuel" title="Liquid fuel">liquid fuel</a> <a href="Commodities" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities">commodities</a> that have high <a href="Intrinsic_theory_of_value" title="Intrinsic theory of value">intrinsic value</a> in the modern <a href="World_economy" title="World economy">world economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> After APG is extracted, the remaining <a href="Logistics" title="Logistics">logistical barriers</a> to <a href="Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption</a> are cost-effective <a href="Natural_gas_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas processing">refinement</a> and <a href="Delivery_(commerce)" title="Delivery (commerce)">delivery</a> to <a href="Market_economy" title="Market economy">consumer markets</a>. Flaring and venting alternatives preferred by the oil companies include those which remove these barriers for associated gas without impeding production of higher value oil.<a href="#cite_note-DOE-GFV-2019-1">[1]</a>: 55

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_uses">Traditional uses</h3></div>

Global data from year 2012 indicates that 15% of all associated gas was flared or vented, while 85% was utilized or saved for the following economic benefits:<a href="#cite_note-zrfqa-18">[18]</a>

<dl><dd>1. <a href="Gas_reinjection" title="Gas reinjection">re-injection</a> into the oil reservoir for <a href="Secondary_recovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary recovery">secondary recovery</a>, <a href="Tertiary_recovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary recovery">tertiary recovery</a>, and/or <a href="Gas_reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas reservoir">longer-term storage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-emamover-29">[29]</a>: 542 (58%)</dd>

<dd>2. transmission to a trading <a href="Henry_hub" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry hub">hub</a> for distribution to short-term <a href="Natural_gas_storage" title="Natural gas storage">storage</a> and <a href="Natural_gas_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas processing">refinery</a> markets. (27%)</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3></div>

The following list includes other existing commercially viable alternatives to routine flaring and venting that can be performed on-site or nearby:

<dl><dd>1. liquid fuels production with Flare Gas Recovery Systems (FGRS) and trucking to consumption markets.<a href="#cite_note-emamover-29">[29]</a>: 542 <a href="#cite_note-DOE-GFV-2019-1">[1]</a>: 50

<dl><dd>a. <a href="Natural_gas_liquid" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas liquid">natural gas liquid</a> (NGL) extraction from the flare stream using mobile equipment.</dd>

<dd>b. portable <a href="Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">compressed natural gas</a> (CNG) production.</dd>

<dd>c. portable <a href="Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a> (LNG) production.</dd>

<dd>d. small-scale <a href="Gas_to_liquids" title="Gas to liquids">gas to liquids</a> (GTL) conversion.</dd></dl></dd>

<dd>2. <a href="Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a> with portable <a href="Engine-generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine-generator">engines</a> or <a href="Microturbine" title="Microturbine">microturbines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-emamover-29">[29]</a>: 548 <a href="#cite_note-DOE-GFV-2019-1">[1]</a>: 51 </dd>

<dd>3. heat generation for <a href="Water_purification" title="Water purification">water treatment</a> or other <a href="Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">industrial processing</a> at the wellpad.<a href="#cite_note-DOE-GFV-2019-1">[1]</a>: 52 </dd></dl>

A 2019 report from the <a href="U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a> states a likely reason oil companies may be slow to embrace either existing or advanced FGRS technologies is "legal, regulated flaring is the least risky option and does not require learning how to apply new technologies or modifying existing contracts and operating practices."<a href="#cite_note-DOE-GFV-2019-1">[1]</a>: 55

<a href="Cryptocurrency#Mining" title="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency "miners"</a> have recently identified flare gas as a potential low-cost source for their energy-intensive computing. A number of partnerships have emerged between these two unusually different miners, with the further aim of minimizing each of their substantial <a href="Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprints</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h2></div>

Gas flares using <a href="Diffusion_flame" title="Diffusion flame">diffusion flames</a> depend primarily on thorough air-gas mixing throughout the ejected gas stream to maximize combustion. The velocity and pressure drop of the gas as it exits the tip of the flare stack must be maintained within optimal ranges to ensure adequate <a href="Turbulent_diffusion" title="Turbulent diffusion">turbulent diffusion</a>. Preserving these ranges are key objectives of the <a href="Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">engineering design process</a> and accompanying <a href="Control_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Control strategy">control strategy</a>. Significant amounts of moisture, nitrogen, <a href="Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, or other non-hydrocarbons accompanying APG can interfere with combustion. On the other hand, properly designed and controlled injections of hot air and <a href="Steam" title="Steam">steam</a> can improve combustion and effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-EPA-DSN-2019-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

APG consists primarily of methane along with lesser amounts of <a href="Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a>, <a href="Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, <a href="Butane" title="Butane">butane</a>, and other <a href="Alkanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkanes">alkanes</a>. When a flare is operating <a href="Effectiveness" title="Effectiveness">effectively</a>, the combustion by-products include primarily water and carbon dioxide, and small amounts of <a href="Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> and <a href="NOx" title="NOx">nitrous oxides</a> (NoX). Such flares thus demonstrate high conversion <a href="Efficiency" title="Efficiency">efficiency</a>, with only about 2% of APG escaping on average. When a flare is not operating effectively, more substantial amounts of APG can escape, sometimes as high 40%.<a href="#cite_note-zrfqa-18">[18]</a> Also <a href="Volatile_organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile organic compounds">volatile organic compounds</a> (VOCs), <a href="Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> <a href="Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>, and other damaging pollutants can be created. VOCs and NoX can act to produce ground-level <a href="Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> at levels that exceed <a href="National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">air quality standards</a>. The presence of <a href="Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a> indicates a poorly operating flare,<a href="#cite_note-emamover-29">[29]</a>: 534–537 and the resulting short-lived <a href="Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">black carbon</a> can accelerate snow and ice melting.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

Most other <a href="Contaminants" class="mw-redirect" title="Contaminants">contaminants</a> in the APG stream occur as <a href="Trace_element" title="Trace element">trace amounts</a>. They can include toxic elements like <a href="Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> and <a href="Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> that are naturally occurring. Enhanced oil recovery efforts such as <a href="Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a> may introduce others. The common natural contaminant <a href="Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> enables the creation of <a href="Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> in gas flares.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> At elevated concentrations, it can cause <a href="Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> and other <a href="Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">air quality</a> challenges, and result in characterizations such as "<a href="Sour_gas" title="Sour gas">sour gas</a>" and "acid flare". As a practical matter, gas streams with higher sulfur contamination levels are more likely to be flared - where allowed - than utilized due to their lower economic value.<a href="#cite_note-eiange-17">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monitoring">Monitoring</h2></div>

Available global data on gas flaring volumes are highly uncertain and unreliable until about year 1995. Following formation of the GGFR in 2002, participating researchers from <a href="NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> and academic institutions harnessed satellite observations to simplify the data collection and improve measurement accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-GGFR-37">[37]</a> Despite the scientific and technological advancements, amounts reported by industry participants and used by regulatory officials are still sometimes inaccurate.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Quantifying and locating methane emissions from improperly operated flares, intentional gas venting activity, and other equipment <a href="Methane_leak" title="Methane leak">methane leaks</a> is also a high priority for the GGFR partnership, the <a href="Global_Methane_Initiative" title="Global Methane Initiative">Global Methane Initiative</a>, and other groups that embrace both economic and environmental scope.<a href="#cite_note-sciam-40">[40]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_surveys">Satellite surveys</h3></div>

Since most flares are operated as open flames, volumes can be inferred during aerial surveys by measuring the amount of light emitted. The first set of global data extending back to 1995 were generated in 2006 using <a href="Defense_Meteorological_Satellite_Program" title="Defense Meteorological Satellite Program">Defense Meteorological Satellite Program</a> (DMSP) and <a href="Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> data.<a href="#cite_note-GGFR-37">[37]</a> After about 2010, the accuracy of individual measurements was further improved to better than +/- 10% using data from the <a href="VIIRS" class="mw-redirect" title="VIIRS">VIIRS</a> instruments on the <a href="NOAA-20" title="NOAA-20">NOAA-20</a> and <a href="Suomi_NPP" title="Suomi NPP">Suomi NPP</a> satellites, and <a href="MODIS" class="mw-redirect" title="MODIS">MODIS</a> instruments on the <a href="Aqua_(satellite)" title="Aqua (satellite)">Aqua</a> and <a href="Terra_(satellite)" title="Terra (satellite)">Terra</a> satellites of the <a href="NASA_Earth_Observatory" title="NASA Earth Observatory">NASA Earth Observatory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-modis-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-viirs-42">[42]</a> The data analysis continues to be further refined with contributions from other academic and mission-specific groups.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Maps of global activity are now automatically generated with advanced methods such as <a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>, and the inferred volumes adjusted for disturbances such as intermittent cloud cover.

Additional satellites and instruments have, and are scheduled to continue to come online with capability to measure methane and other more powerful greenhouse gases with improving resolution.<a href="#cite_note-sciam-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The <a href="Tropomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropomi">Tropomi</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> instrument launched in year 2017 by the <a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> can measure methane, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, aerosol, and ozone concentrations in earth's <a href="Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> at resolutions of several kilometres.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The CLAIRE satellite launched in year 2016 by the Canadian firm GHGSat can resolve carbon dioxide and methane to as little as 50 metres (160 ft), thus enabling its customers to pinpoint the source of emissions.<a href="#cite_note-sciam-40">[40]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ground_and_aerial_surveys">Ground and aerial surveys</h3></div>

Portable instruments from suppliers like <a href="FLIR_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="FLIR Systems">FLIR Systems</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and Picarro<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> are also capable of detecting otherwise invisible leaks and emissions from improperly operating flares. They are somewhat less practical for monitoring methane and other VOC concentrations over extended periods, but can enable industry repair technicians, regulatory officials, and other investigators to locate and document sources of emissions in real time.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>

Researchers for the <a href="Environmental_Defense_Fund" title="Environmental Defense Fund">Environmental Defense Fund</a> have extensively mapped methane emissions from oil and gas operations in the U.S. Permian Basin spanning years 2019–2020. Their results show emissions at least three times larger than those reported by operators and some degree of malfunctioning of more than 10% of flares.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> About half of the malfunctioning flare stacks were found to be unlit and releasing their gases with no abatement.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reduction_progress">Reduction progress</h2></div>

</div><div class="thumbcaption">Global gas flaring and oil production trends (1996-2018)<a href="#cite_note-wbdata-10">[10]</a>

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</style><div class="legend">  Gas flared: Billion Cubic Meters/Year (↓10%)</div><div class="legend">  Oil produced: Million Barrels/Day (↑40%)</div><div class="legend">  Population: 100 Million People (↑30%)</div></div></div></div>

The <a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-uncip-9">[9]</a> International Energy Agency,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and World Bank recognize routine flaring reduction efforts as <a href="Low-hanging_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-hanging fruit">low-hanging fruit</a> in consideration of the substantial economic, environmental, and human-health benefits. The effects are especially large in developing countries where flaring intensity (i.e. gas flared per unit of oil produced) is often higher, due mainly to their less-developed infrastructure and markets for natural gas. Some of the key countries targeted for reductions have included Indonesia, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Nigeria, Qatar, and the <a href="Khanty-Mansi_Autonomous_Okrug_-_Yugra" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra">Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra</a> region of Russia.<a href="#cite_note-GGFR-37">[37]</a>

From 1996 through 2018, a 10% reduction in global flaring volume (measured in cubic metres - m3) was realized while global oil production rose 40% (right figure).<a href="#cite_note-wbdata-10">[10]</a> It was accompanied by a 35% reduction in global flaring intensity (measured in cubic metres per barrel oil produced - m3/bbl).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> This was due especially in part to earlier reduction efforts in GGFR partner countries such as Russia and Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-GGFR-37">[37]</a> As of 2018, Canada, Brazil, and several Middle East nations flared at intensities below 1 m3/bbl, compared to the global average of 4.1 m3/bbl. Several African nations continue to flare at over 10 m3/bbl, including Cameroon at over 40 m3/bbl.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>

Just four nations are responsible for nearly 50% of all gas flared: Russia, Iraq, Iran, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Their flaring intensities range from about 3 to 10 m3/bbl, and have not improved substantially in the last few years.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Each country has extensive infrastructure and access to advanced technologies, but also complex business and political cultures that may be more resistant to change.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth_in_the_United_States">Growth in the United States</h2></div>

Reported flaring and venting in the U.S. declined in the decades following <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, based on data from the U.S. <a href="Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eiaflvdata-5">[5]</a> Near the end of the 20th century, it reached lows close to 1.5% of APG extracted, and 0.5% of all gas extracted from both oil and gas wells.

However, since about 2005, gas flaring activity has once again been increasing, as shown in the accompanying charts. 32 states host and regulate gas flaring and/or venting.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The largest volume changes since about 1990 have been in the <a href="Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a> of west Texas and New Mexico, the <a href="Bakken_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakken Formation">Bakken Formation</a> of North Dakota, and the <a href="Eagle_Ford_Group" title="Eagle Ford Group">Eagle Ford Group</a> of southeast Texas.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>

Gas flaring increased in the United States as measured both by volume and by percentage. In 2018, gas flaring reached nearly 50-year highs, with 500 billion cubic feet of gas flared, which represents 10% of APG being flared. Reports of negative producer prices for natural gas, and of a further doubling of activity in the Permian, drove continued growth in this destructive practice in 2019 in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-negp-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 2018–2019, the amount of gas wasted daily in the Permian alone was capable of supplying the residential needs of the entire state of Texas.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>

Five new long-distance gas pipelines from the region are under construction, with the first entering service in Q3 2019,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and the others scheduled to come online during 2020–2022.<a href="#cite_note-DOE-GFV-2019-1">[1]</a>: 23

A loosening of U.S. federal regulations starting in 2017 enabled further increases to the waste of APG from both public and private lands.<a href="#cite_note-DOE-GFV-2019-1">[1]</a>: 17–19 These are summarized in a June 2019 report from the <a href="U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a>, which identifies the most consequential changes as:<a href="#cite_note-DOE-GFV-2019-1">[1]</a>: 17

<dl><dd>1) "the rollback of the ... limits on methane leaked, vented, or flared from oil and gas wells on federal lands"; and</dd>

<dd>2) "removing the requirement that companies seek out and repair leaks, requirements for reducing emissions from a variety or equipment elements, and requirements that companies prepare plans for minimizing waste before getting drilling permits"</dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Natural_gas_in_the_United_States" title="Natural gas in the United States">Natural gas in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">Environmental impact of the petroleum industry</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://petrowiki.org/Flare_and_vent_disposal_systems">Flare and Vent Disposal Systems on PetroWiki</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipieca.org/">International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iogp.org/">International Association of Oil and Gas Producers website</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-06" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Routine_flaring&oldid=1299009945">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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